PPF shifts and economic growth

Outwards: more resources (investment in capital, more workers through migration or a growing population, new natural resources), better quality resources (education and training), and better technology.
Inwards: war, natural disasters, the loss of workers through emigration or running out of natural resources.

Ukraine output: World Bank (2023). Diagrams drawn with Rough.js and perfect-freehand, both MIT licensed. Your answers are saved only on this device.